* {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

body {
    font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
    line-height: 1.7;
    color: #2c3e50;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    font-size: 16px;
}

.container {
    max-width: 800px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 20px;
}

header {
    background-color: #ffffff;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #e8e8e8;
    padding: 1rem 0;
    position: sticky;
    top: 0;
    z-index: 100;
    backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
}

nav {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
}

.logo {
    font-size: 1.8rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #2c3e50;
}

.nav-links {
    display: flex;
    list-style: none;
    gap: 2.5rem;
}

.nav-links a {
    color: #2c3e50;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-weight: 500;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
    position: relative;
}

.nav-links a:hover {
    color: #3498db;
}

.nav-links a::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    width: 0;
    height: 2px;
    bottom: -5px;
    left: 0;
    background-color: #3498db;
    transition: width 0.3s ease;
}

.nav-links a:hover::after {
    width: 100%;
}

main {
    padding: 3rem 0;
}

section {
    margin-bottom: 4rem;
}

.section-title {
    color: #2c3e50;
    font-size: 2.5rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
    position: relative;
}

.section-title::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    left: 0;
    bottom: -8px;
    width: 60px;
    height: 3px;
    background-color: #3498db;
}

.home-content {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 280px;
    gap: 3rem;
    align-items: start;
    margin-top: 2rem;
}

.headshot {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 280px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}

.bio {
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    line-height: 1.8;
}

.bio p {
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}

.publication-item, .course-item {
    margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
    padding-bottom: 2rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #e8e8e8;
}

/* Reflow publication layout: title on its own line, text + image row below */
.publication-item .pub-row {
    display: flex;
    gap: 1.5rem;
    align-items: flex-start;
}

.publication-item .pub-text {
    flex: 1 1 auto;
    min-width: 0;
}

.publication-item .pub-media {
    flex: 0 0 260px;
}

.publication-item .pub-media .pub-thumb {
    width: 260px;
}

@media (max-width: 640px) {
    .publication-item .pub-row { flex-direction: row; gap: 1rem; }
    .publication-item .pub-media { flex: 0 0 120px; }
    .publication-item .pub-media .pub-thumb { width:120px; }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {
    .publication-item .pub-row { flex-direction: column-reverse; }
    .publication-item .pub-media { flex: none; }
    .publication-item .pub-media .pub-thumb { width: 100%; max-width: 260px; }
}

/* Publication media (thumbnail placeholder) */
.pub-thumb {
    width: 260px;
    aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
    border: 1px solid #d9dee2;
    background: #ffffff;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
    border-radius: 6px;
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
    padding: 6px; /* padding to avoid cropping */
}

/* Real image inside placeholder area */
.pub-thumb img {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: contain; /* ensure no cropping */
    display: block;
    border-radius: 4px;
    background: #fff;
}

/* Explicit class hook for publication images */
.pub-img { width:100%; height:100%; object-fit: contain; display:block; }

.pub-thumb::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(255,255,255,0.2), rgba(255,255,255,0));
    pointer-events: none;
}

/* Removed hover border change on .pub-thumb to make image non-interactive visually */

@media (max-width: 640px) {
    .publication-item .pub-media { flex: 0 0 200px; }
    .publication-item .pub-media .pub-thumb, .pub-thumb { width:200px; }
}
@media (max-width: 480px) {
    .publication-item .pub-media { flex: none; }
    .publication-item .pub-media .pub-thumb, .pub-thumb { width:100%; max-width:320px; margin-bottom:0.75rem; }
}

.publication-item:last-child, .course-item:last-child {
    border-bottom: none;
}

.publication-title, .course-title {
    color: #2c3e50;
    font-size: 1.4rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    margin-bottom: 0.4rem; /* reduced spacing below publication titles */
    line-height: 1.4;
}

/* Tighter spacing inside publication text block */
.publication-item .pub-text .links { margin-top: 0.2rem; }
.publication-item .publication-authors { margin-bottom: 0.35rem; }
.publication-item .publication-summary { margin: 0.45rem 0 0.2rem; }

/* Slightly tighter overall bottom padding (keep separation between items) */
.publication-item { padding-bottom: 1.4rem; }

.publication-title:hover, .course-title:hover {
    color: #3498db;
}

.publication-venue {
    color: #3498db;
    font-weight: 600;
    margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}

.publication-authors, .course-details {
    color: #7f8c8d;
    margin-bottom: 0.8rem; /* default; overridden below for tighter layouts */
    font-size: 0.95rem;
}

.publication-summary, .course-item p {
    margin: 1rem 0;
    line-height: 1.7;
    color: #34495e;
}

/* Tighter teaching section spacing to match publications */
.course-item .course-details { margin-bottom: 0.35rem; }
.course-item p { margin: 0.45rem 0 0.2rem; }

.links {
    display: flex;
    gap: 0.8rem;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    margin-top: 1rem;
}

.link-btn {
    display: inline-block;
    padding: 0.4rem 1rem;
    background-color: transparent;
    color: #3498db;
    text-decoration: none;
    border: 1px solid #3498db;
    border-radius: 4px;
    font-size: 0.9rem;
    transition: all 0.3s ease;
}

.link-btn:hover {
    background-color: #3498db;
    color: white;
}

footer {
    background-color: #f8f9fa;
    border-top: 1px solid #e8e8e8;
    padding: 3rem 0 2rem;
    margin-top: 4rem;
}

.contact-info {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 2rem;
    margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.contact-info a {
    color: #3498db;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: 0.95rem;
}

.contact-info a:hover {
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.social-links {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    gap: 1.5rem;
    margin-bottom: 2rem;
}

.social-links a {
    color: #7f8c8d;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
    transition: color 0.3s ease;
}

.social-links a:hover {
    color: #3498db;
}

.footer-text {
    text-align: center;
    color: #7f8c8d;
    font-size: 0.9rem;
}

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .container {
        padding: 0 15px;
    }

    .home-content {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 2rem;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .nav-links {
        gap: 1.5rem;
    }

    nav {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 1rem;
    }

    .contact-info {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 0.8rem;
    }

    .section-title {
        font-size: 2rem;
    }
}

/* Smooth animations */
.publication-item, .course-item {
    transition: transform 0.2s ease;
}

.publication-item:hover, .course-item:hover {
    transform: translateX(5px);
}